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三剑客之 grep
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Grep Command Summary
Introduction: Grep is a command-line utility on UNIX systems for searching a given pattern within files and outputting the matching lines. Created in 1974 by Ken Thompson, it is an essential tool for regular expression handling.
Basic Usage:
The basic grep format is:
grep [options] pattern [file or directory]
Main Options:
- -E: Supports extended regular expressions
- -i: Ignores case
- -n: Prints line numbers
- -o: Outputs only the matched parts of the line
- -c: Outputs the count of matching lines
- -B: Outputs n lines before the match
- -A: Outputs n lines after the match
- -C: Outputs n lines around the match
- -v: Outputs lines that do not match
- -e: Allows multiple patterns
Regular Expressions:
Using regular expressions can enhance the functionality of grep:
- *: Matches the previous character 0 or more times
- ^: Matches the start of a line
- $: Matches the end of a line
- .*: Matches any number of any characters
- [ ]: Matches any character inside the brackets
- [^ ]: Excludes any character inside the brackets
- \<: Anchors the match to the start of a word
- \>: Anchors the match to the end of a word
- {m,n}: Matches the preceding character at least m and at most n times
Examples:
Examples are based on the 'passwd.txt' file and demonstrate various grep functionalities, such as:
- Filtering out blank lines or comments
- Searching with or without case sensitivity
- Outputting only the matching content or the line number
- Showing lines before or after the matching line
- Using multiple search patterns with the -e option
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