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云原生丨一文教你基于Debezium与Kafka构建数据同步迁移(建议收藏)!

701 2023-09-22


Cloud Native

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本期内容

Debezium + Kafka

实现数据迁移

在项目中,我们遇到已有数据库现存有大量数据,但需要将全部现存数据同步迁移到新的数据库中,我们应该如何处理呢?

本期我们就基于Debezium与Kafka构建数据同步。

一、安装部署

Debezium架构

Debezium 是一个基于不同数据库中提供的变更数据捕获功能(例如,PostgreSQL中的逻辑解码)构建的分布式平台。 Debezium是通过Apache Kafka连接部署的

Kafka Connect是一个用于实现和操作的框架运行时。

源连接器,如Debezium,它将数据摄取到Kafka中(在我们的接下来实际的例子中,Debezium将Mysql数据摄取到Kafka中);

接收连接器,它将数据从Kafka主题写入到其他到系统,这个系统可以有多种,在我们例子中,会将Kafka主题写入到PostgreSQL数据库中。

部署示意图

  • Zookeeper:Zookeeper容器,用于构建Kafka环境;

  • Kafka:Kafka容器,数据库的变更信息以topic的形式保存在kafka中;

  • Kafka-ui:kafka的UI页面容器,可以直观的查看kafka中的Brokers,Topics,Consumers等信息;

  • Connect:Debezium的Connect容器,对接Kafka的Connect,通过Source Connector将数据同步到Kafka中,通过Sink Connect消费Kafka的topic消息;

  • Debezium Connector:Source Connector插件,以Jar包的形式部署在Connect中,Debezium自带有MongoDB,MySQL,PostgreSQL,SQL Server,Oracle,Db2连接器;

  • JDBC connector:Sink Connector插件,以Jar包的形式部署在Connect中,本次部署安装的是JDBC连接器,将Kafka上的数据同步到数据库中;

  • Debezium-ui:Debezium connect的ui页面容器。用于创建和显示Source Connector

  • Source Database:数据迁移来源方数据库。本次部署中使用的是MySQL和Postgres(10+版本);

  • Target Database:数据库迁移目标数据库。本次部署中使用的是Postgres。

安装部署

本次部署需要先安装Docker。

Debezium使用Docker安装部署,如下⬇

docker-compose.yaml

version: '2'services: zookeeper: image: quay.io/debezium/zookeeper:2.0 ports: - 2181:2181 - 2888:2888 - 3888:3888 kafka: image: quay.io/debezium/kafka:2.0 ports: - 9092:9092 links: - zookeeper environment: - ZOOKEEPER_CONNECT=zookeeper:2181 connect: image: quay.io/debezium/connect:2.0 ports: - 8083:8083 - 5005:5005 links: - kafka environment: - BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS=kafka:9092 - GROUP_ID=1 - CONFIG_STORAGE_TOPIC=my_connect_configs - OFFSET_STORAGE_TOPIC=my_connect_offsets - STATUS_STORAGE_TOPIC=my_source_connect_statuses kafka-ui: image: provectuslabs/kafka-ui:latest ports: - "9093:8080" environment: - KAFKA_CLUSTERS_0_BOOTSTRAPSERVERS=kafka:9092 links: - kafka debezium-ui: image: debezium/debezium-ui:2.0 ports: - "8080:8080" environment: - KAFKA_CONNECT_URIS=http://connect:8083 links: - connect

部署命令:

docker-compose -f docker-compose.yaml -p debezium up -d

部署完成后,Docker容器列表,如下:

Kafka-ui访问地址: http://localhost:9093


Debezium-ui访问地址: http://localhost:8080

Source Connector和Sink Connector都是以JAR包的方式,存在于Connect容器的/kafka/connect目录下

Connect容器自带有Debezium的官方Source Connector:

debezium-connector-db2

debezium-connector-mysql

debezium-connector-postgres

debezium-connector-vitess

debezium-connector-mongodb

debezium-connector-oracle

debezium-connector-sqlserver

需要自行注册Sink Connector:Kafka-Connect-JDBC(新建Kafka-Connect-JDBC目录,下载JAR包放入此目录,重启Conenct)。

注册Sink Connector

# docker容器中新建kafka-connect-jdbc目录docker exec 容器id mkdir /kafka/connect/kafka-connect-jdbc# 下载jar包到本地wget https://packages.confluent.io/maven/io/confluent/kafka-connect-jdbc/5.3.2/kafka-connect-jdbc-5.3.2.jar# 拷贝jar包到docker容器docker cp kafka-connect-jdbc-5.3.2.jar 容器id:/kafka/connect/kafka-connect-jdbc# 重启connect容器docker restart 容器id

二、数据迁移

数据迁移经历以下几个步骤:

1)启动源数据库;

2)注册Source Connector,Source Connector监听Source Database的数据变动,发布数据到Kafka的Topic中,一个表对应一个Topic,Topic中包含对表中某条记录的某个操作(新增,修改,删除等);

3)启动目标数据库;

4)注册Sink Connector,Sink Connector消费Kafka中的Topic,通过JDBC连接到Target Database,根据Topic中的信息,对表记录执行对应操作。

Postgres迁移到Postgres

# 1.启动源数据库-Postgres

本次部署通过容器的方式启动:

docker run -d --name source-postgres -p 15432:5432 -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=123456 -e POSTGRES_USER=debe postgres:12.6

# 2.注册Source Connecto

通过Debezium UI页面进行注册。

需要注意的有以下几点:

  • Debezium Postgres类型的Source Connector支持的Postgres需要将wal_level修改为logical;
    修改Postgres中的Postgresql.conf文件中的配置(wal_level = logical)并重启Postgres;

  • Postgres需要支持解码插件,Debezium官方一共提供了两个解码插件:
    Decoderbufs:Debezium默认配置,由Debezium维护;
    Pgoutput:Postgres 10+版本自带;

    使用此插件时,需要配置plugin.name=pgoutput

# 3.启动目标数据库-Postgre

本次部署通过容器的方式启动:

docker run -d --name target-postgres -p 25432:5432 -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=123456 -e POSTGRES_USER=debe postgres:12.6

# 4.注册Sink Connector

通过Connect提供的API进行注册

新增Connector

curl -i -X POST -H "Accept:application/json" -H "Content-Type:application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/ -d \'{ "name": "sink-connector-postgres", "config": { "connector.class": "io.confluent.connect.jdbc.JdbcSinkConnector", "tasks.max": "1", "topics": "postgres.public.test_source", "connection.url": "jdbc:postgresql://10.3.73.160:25432/postgres?user=debe&password=123456", "transforms": "unwrap", "transforms.unwrap.type": "io.debezium.transforms.ExtractNewRecordState", "transforms.unwrap.drop.tombstones": "false", "auto.create": "true", "insert.mode": "upsert", "delete.enabled": "true", "pk.fields": "id", "pk.mode": "record_key" }}'

# 5.验证数据迁移过程

# 源数据库中的表数据迁移到Kafka

新建表test_source和test_source1

test_source&test_source1.sql

-- test_sourcecreate table if not exists public.test_source( id   integer not null constraint test_source_pk primary key, name varchar(64)); alter table public.test_source owner to debe; insert into public.test_source (id, name) values (1, 'a');-- test_source1create table if not exists public.test_source1( id   integer not null constraint test_source1_pk primary key, name varchar(64)); alter table public.test_source1 owner to debe; insert into public.test_source1 (id, name) values (1, 'a1');

Kafka新建数据前 ⬇

Kafka新建数据后  ⬇

源数据库中新建表test_source和表test_source1后,Kafka中出现了两个Topic:

postgres.public.test_source和postgres.public.test_source1,与这两个表一一对应,topic中的message对应着对表中记录的操作(新增1条记录)。

监听的表可通过连接器配置进行过滤,比如配置"table.include.list": "public.test_source",就只会出现一个Topic:postgres.public.test_source

# Kafka中的数据迁移到目标数据库

注册Sink Connector后,Kafka中会新增一个Customer,对postgres.public.test_source进行消费(sink connector配置中的"topics": "postgres.public.test_source"指定);

对应的源数据库(sink connector配置中的"connection.url": "jdbc:postgresql://10.3.73.160:25432/postgres?user=debe&password=123456"指定)会新增一个表public.test_source,该表中的数据和源数据库中的public.test_source始终保持同步

MySQL迁移到PostgresSQL

# 1.启动源数据库-mysql

本次部署通过docker启动:

docker run -d --name source-mysql -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=debezium -e MYSQL_USER=mysqluser -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=mysqlpw debezium/example-mysql:2.0

# 2.注册Source Connector

# 启动MySQL数据源连接注册

注册MySQL数据源有两种方式:

  1. 在Debezium UI中直接添加

  2. 调用Kafka API 注册

# 在Debezium UI中直接添加

选择MySQL数据源

# 调用Kafka API注册

新增Connector

curl -i -X POST -H "Accept:application/json" -H "Content-Type:application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/ -d \'{ "name": "inventory-connector", "config": { "connector.class": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.MySqlConnector", "tasks.max": "1", "topic.prefix": "dbserver1", "database.hostname": "mysql", "database.port": "3306", "database.user": "debezium", //数据库用户名 "database.password": "dbz", //数据库密码 "database.server.id": "184054", "database.include.list": "inventory", //数据源覆盖范围 "schema.history.internal.kafka.bootstrap.servers": "kafka:9092", "schema.history.internal.kafka.topic": "schema-changes.inventory", "transforms": "route", "transforms.route.type": "org.apache.kafka.connect.transforms.RegexRouter", "transforms.route.regex": "([^.]+)\\.([^.]+)\\.([^.]+)", "transforms.route.replacement": "$3" }}'

# 验证Source Connector注册结果

注册连接前:

注册连接后:

多出来的Topics信息是MySQL source表信息,连接MySQL数据库可见表:

UI for Apache Kafka中可以看到Messages同步信息

访问Debezium UI(http://localhost:8080/ )可以看到MySQL的连接。

# 3.启动目标数据库-Postgres

本次部署采用Docker方式启动:

docker run -d --name target-postgres -p 5432:5432 -e POSTGRES_USER=postgresuser -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgrespw -e POSTGRES_DB=inventory debezium/postgres:9.6

# 4.注册Sink Connector  (通过API接口)

新增Connector

curl -i -X POST -H "Accept:application/json" -H "Content-Type:application/json" http://localhost:8083/connectors/ -d \'{ "name": "jdbc-sink", "config": { "connector.class": "io.confluent.connect.jdbc.JdbcSinkConnector", "tasks.max": "1", "topics": "customers", //迁移目标主题(这里是按照表来订阅的) "connection.url": "jdbc:postgresql://postgres:5432/inventory?user=postgresuser&password=postgrespw", "transforms": "unwrap", "transforms.unwrap.type": "io.debezium.transforms.ExtractNewRecordState", "transforms.unwrap.drop.tombstones": "false", "auto.create": "true", "insert.mode": "upsert", "delete.enabled": "true", "pk.fields": "id", "pk.mode": "record_key" }}'

注册PostgreSQL connector后,不会在Debezium中显示Connector client 信息,但可以在UI for Apache Kafka中看到:

# 5.验证数据迁移过程

完成安装步骤后,以Customers表为例,做CUD操作语句,实现MySQL数据库同步数据到PostgreSQL 。

Mysql 数据库现有数据:

PostgreSQL数据库现有数据:

手动在MySQL数据库Customers表中添加一条数据 ⬇

customers.sql

insert into customers(id,first_name,last_name,email) values(1005,'test','one','123456@qq.com');

在PostgreSQL数据库中Customers多出一条数据:

Kafka中Messages新增一条数据,完成数据同步:

可以看到消费如下信息:

topics-customers.json

{ "schema": { "type": "struct", "fields": [ { "type": "struct", "fields": [ { "type": "int32", "optional": false, "field": "id" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "first_name" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "last_name" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "email" } ], "optional": true, "name": "dbserver1.inventory.customers.Value", "field": "before" }, { "type": "struct", "fields": [ { "type": "int32", "optional": false, "field": "id" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "first_name" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "last_name" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "email" } ], "optional": true, "name": "dbserver1.inventory.customers.Value", "field": "after" }, { "type": "struct", "fields": [ { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "version" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "connector" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "name" }, { "type": "int64", "optional": false, "field": "ts_ms" }, { "type": "string", "optional": true, "name": "io.debezium.data.Enum", "version": 1, "parameters": { "allowed": "true,last,false,incremental" }, "default": "false", "field": "snapshot" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "db" }, { "type": "string", "optional": true, "field": "sequence" }, { "type": "string", "optional": true, "field": "table" }, { "type": "int64", "optional": false, "field": "server_id" }, { "type": "string", "optional": true, "field": "gtid" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "file" }, { "type": "int64", "optional": false, "field": "pos" }, { "type": "int32", "optional": false, "field": "row" }, { "type": "int64", "optional": true, "field": "thread" }, { "type": "string", "optional": true, "field": "query" } ], "optional": false, "name": "io.debezium.connector.mysql.Source", "field": "source" }, { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "op" }, { "type": "int64", "optional": true, "field": "ts_ms" }, { "type": "struct", "fields": [ { "type": "string", "optional": false, "field": "id" }, { "type": "int64", "optional": false, "field": "total_order" }, { "type": "int64", "optional": false, "field": "data_collection_order" } ], "optional": true, "name": "event.block", "version": 1, "field": "transaction" } ], "optional": false, "name": "dbserver1.inventory.customers.Envelope", "version": 1 }, "payload": { "before": null, "after": { "id": 1005, "first_name": "test", "last_name": "one", "email": "123456@qq.com" }, "source": { "version": "2.0.1.Final", "connector": "mysql", "name": "dbserver1", "ts_ms": 1672024796000, "snapshot": "false", "db": "inventory", "sequence": null, "table": "customers", "server_id": 223344, "gtid": null, "file": "mysql-bin.000003", "pos": 392, "row": 0, "thread": 16, "query": null }, "op": "c", "ts_ms": 1672024796396, "transaction": null }}

重要的部分是 “payload” json 中信息:

  • source 中会展示“版本”,“数据源”等信息;

  • after 代表变动信息;

  • “op” 操作信息,例如“c” 代表创建;

需要注意的是,结果的json格式是Debezium定义好的格式。

Debezium json格式通常前面定义Schema信息,最后才是实际的载荷(payload)信息。

详细格式定义可以查看:https://debezium.io/documentation/reference/1.6/connectors/mysql.html

通过以上步骤,我们在Docker环境上使用Debezium实现了数据同步到kafaka。

本期关于数据同步迁移的内容就到这里了,建议大家收藏学习!~

基于Debezium和kafaka

实现数据同步迁移的实践

感兴趣的小伙伴可以一试~

如果你有更好的办法或疑问

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本期作者

刘健 王凯


原文链接: http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=Mzg5MzUyOTgwMQ==&mid=2247519727&idx=1&sn=686045a043a3f70f7ea9b7f94b3439ac&chksm=c02fb649f7583f5fd03b9a2b4533ae6d9c1aea3a4b587ebb6ce4c69cc0787cc5e969e1c62621#rd